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CARDIOLOGY / CLINICAL RESEARCH
The association of calf circumference and all-cause, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
1
School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
2
Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China
3
Centre for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, USA
Submission date: 2019-12-19
Final revision date: 2020-02-17
Acceptance date: 2020-02-29
Online publication date: 2021-03-28
Corresponding author
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Studies on the association between calf circumference (CC) and mortality have been limited. Therefore, we examined the association between CC and all-cause, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality in the present study.
Material and methods:
The data were retrieved from the 1999–2006 National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES), composed of 20,214 individuals aged ≥ 18 years with CC being measured. We performed multivariate Cox regression models to examine the associations, then stratified the regression models into subgroups to test for interactions.
Results:
Among 20,214 participants, 47.25% were men and the mean age was 45.8 years. In the fully adjusted model, each 1 cm increment in CC was inversely associated with the risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.90-0.94, p < 0.0001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.84–0.97, p = 0.0056). Meanwhile, the highest quartile of CC had 50% (HR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.40–0.64, p trend < 0.001) lower risk of all-cause mortality and 57% (HR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.21–0.88, p trend = 0.045) lower risk of cardiovascular mortality, compared to the lowest quartile of CC. For cerebrovascular mortality, CC did not have significant associations with mortality.
Conclusions:
Our results suggested an independently inverse association between CC and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
Studies on the association between calf circumference (CC) and mortality have been limited. Therefore, we examined the association between CC and all-cause, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality in the present study.
Material and methods:
The data were retrieved from the 1999–2006 National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES), composed of 20,214 individuals aged ≥ 18 years with CC being measured. We performed multivariate Cox regression models to examine the associations, then stratified the regression models into subgroups to test for interactions.
Results:
Among 20,214 participants, 47.25% were men and the mean age was 45.8 years. In the fully adjusted model, each 1 cm increment in CC was inversely associated with the risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.90-0.94, p < 0.0001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.84–0.97, p = 0.0056). Meanwhile, the highest quartile of CC had 50% (HR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.40–0.64, p trend < 0.001) lower risk of all-cause mortality and 57% (HR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.21–0.88, p trend = 0.045) lower risk of cardiovascular mortality, compared to the lowest quartile of CC. For cerebrovascular mortality, CC did not have significant associations with mortality.
Conclusions:
Our results suggested an independently inverse association between CC and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
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| eISSN: | 1896-9151 |
| ISSN: | 1734-1922 |
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