Introduction:
Previous research suggests a potential association between physical activity (PA) and breast cancer (BC), but the causal relationship remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to explore the causal relationship between PA and BC through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

Material and methods:
Genome-wide association studies utilizing data from the UK Biobank baseline were employed to analyze PA phenotypes, encompassing 460,376 participants. Summary data for BC, comprising 122,977 cases and 105,974 controls, were obtained from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). The cases were further categorized based on estrogen receptor status into estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) BC and estrogen receptor-negative (ER−) BC. The inverse variance weighted method was employed as the primary approach for two-sample MR. Additionally, MR-PRESSO (MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier) method was utilized to eliminate outliers. Tests for heterogeneity and pleiotropy were conducted to enhance result accuracy. Furthermore, multivariable Mendelian randomization was performed, adjusting for potential confounders to ensure result stability.

Results:
Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was employed to assess the causal link between PA and BC. Two-sample MR analysis revealed a genetic prediction indicating that walking for pleasure was associated with decreased risk of (ER+) BC (odds ratio [OR]=0.302, 95% CI =-2.257– -0.137, p=0.027), other physical activities were not significantly correlated with BC, (ER+) BC and (ER−) BC. These findings remained reliable and consistent in the sensitivity analysis, including Cochran’s Q and MR-Egger regression.

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that engaging in leisure walking is associated with a reduced risk of (ER+) BC.